Great Confusion Has
Been Created In Most Of The Editions By A Distinction In The Form Of The
Name As Applied To These Two Governments.
Thus Ramusio prints the province
under Yachi as Carajan, and that under Ta-li as Carazan, whilst
Marsden, following out his system for the conversion of Ramusio's
orthography, makes the former Karaian and the latter Karazan.
Pauthier
prints Caraian all through, a fact so far valuable as showing that his
texts make no distinction between the names of the two governments, but
the form impedes the recognition of the old Mongol nomenclature. I have no
doubt that the name all through should be read Carajan, and on this I
have acted. In the Geog. Text we find the name given at the end of ch.
xlvii. Caragian, in ch. xlviii. as Carajan, in ch. xlix. as Caraian,
thus just reversing the distinction made by Marsden. The Crusca has
Charagia(n) all through.
The name then was Kara-jang, in which the first element was the Mongol
or Turki Kara, "Black." For we find in another passage of Rashid the
following information:[3] - "To the south-west of Cathay is the country
called by the Chinese Dailiu or 'Great Realm,' and by the Mongols
Karajang, in the language of India and Kashmir Kandar, and by us
Kandahar. This country, which is of vast extent, is bounded on one side
by Tibet and Tangut, and on others by Mongolia, Cathay, and the country of
the Gold-Teeth. The King of Karajang uses the title of Mahara, i.e.
Great King. The capital is called Yachi, and there the Council of
Administration is established. Among the inhabitants of this country some
are black, and others are white; these latter are called by the Mongols
Chaghan-Jang ('White Jang')." Jang has not been explained; but
probably it may have been a Tibetan term adopted by the Mongols, and the
colours may have applied to their clothing. The dominant race at the
Mongol invasion seems to have been Shans;[4] and black jackets are the
characteristic dress of the Shans whom one sees in Burma in modern times.
The Kara-jang and Chaghan-jang appear to correspond also to the U-man
and Pe-man, or Black Barbarians and White Barbarians, who are mentioned
by Chinese authorities as conquered by the Mongols. It would seem from one
of Pauthier's Chinese quotations (p. 388), that the Chaghan-jang were
found in the vicinity of Li-kiang fu. (D'Ohsson, II. 317; J. R. Geog.
Soc. III. 294.) [Dr. Bretschneider (Med. Res. I. p. 184) says that in
the description of Yun-nan, in the Yuen-shi, "Cara-jang and
Chagan-jang are rendered by Wu-man and Po-man (Black and White
Barbarians). But in the biographies of Djao-a-k'o-p'an, A-r-szelan
(Yuen-shi, ch. cxxiii.), and others, these tribes are mentioned under the
names of Ha-la-djang and Ch'a-han-djang, as the Mongols used to call
them; and in the biography of Wu-liang-ho t'ai.
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