[Illustration: Autograph Of Hayton, King Of Armenia, Circa A.D. 1243.
"... E por so qui cestes lettres soient fermes e establis ci avuns escrit
l'escrit de notre main vermoil e sayele de notre ceau pendant...."]
[1] See Heyd, Le Colonie Commerciali degli Italiani, etc., passim.
[2] We endeavour to preserve throughout the book the distinction that was
made in the age of the Mongol Empire between Khan and Kaan
([Arabic] and [Arabic] as written by Arabic and Persian authors). The
former may be rendered Lord, and was applied generally to Tartar
chiefs whether sovereign or not; it has since become in Persia, and
especially in Afghanistan, a sort of "Esq.," and in India is now a
common affix in the names of (Musulman) Hindustanis of all classes;
in Turkey alone it has been reserved for the Sultan. Kaan, again,
appears to be a form of Khakan, the [Greek: Chaganos] of the
Byzantine historians, and was the peculiar title of the supreme
sovereign of the Mongols; the Mongol princes of Persia, Chaghatai,
etc., were entitled only to the former affix (Khan), though Kaan and
Khakan are sometimes applied to them in adulation. Polo always
writes Kaan as applied to the Great Khan, and does not, I think, use
Khan in any form, styling the subordinate princes by their name
only, as Argon, Alau, etc. Ilkhan was a special title assumed by
Hulaku and his successors in Persia; it is said to be compounded from
a word Il, signifying tribe or nation.
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