219; J. R. G. S. XXXVIII. 168;
Koeppen, II. 338.) [La Geographie, II. 1901, pp. 242-247, has an
article by Mr. J. Deniker, La Premiere Photographie de Lhassa, with a
view of Potala, in 1901, from a photograph by M. O. Norzunov; it is
interesting to compare it with the view given by Kircher in 1670. - H. C.]
["The monasteries with numbers of monks, who, as M. Polo asserts, behaved
decently, evidently belonged to Chinese Buddhists, ho-shang; in Kublai's
time they had two monasteries in Shangtu, in the north-east and north-west
parts of the town." (Palladius, 29.) Rubruck (Rockhill's ed. p. 145)
says: "All the priests (of the idolaters) shave their heads, and are
dressed in saffron colour, and they observe chastity from the time they
shave their heads, and they live in congregations of one or two
hundred." - H. C.]
[Illustration: Monastery of Lamas.]
NOTE 14. - There were many anomalies in the older Lamaism, and it
permitted, at least in some sects of it which still subsist, the marriage
of the clergy under certain limitations and conditions. One of Giorgi's
missionaries speaks of a Lama of high hereditary rank as a spiritual
prince who marries, but separates from his wife as soon as he has a son,
who after certain trials is deemed worthy to be his successor. ["A good
number of Lamas were married, as M. Polo correctly remarks; their wives
were known amongst the Chinese, under the name of Fan-sao." (Ch'ue keng
lu, quoted by Palladius, 28.) - H. C.] One of the "reforms" of
Tsongkhapa was the absolute prohibition of marriage to the clergy, and in
this he followed the institutes of the oldest Buddhism.
