Besides The Birds Of Paradise, Which
We Have Already Sufficiently Considered, It Possesses A Number Of
Other Curious Birds, Which In The Eyes Of The Ornithologist
Almost Serves To Distinguish It As One Of The Primary Divisions
Of The Earth.
Among its thirty species of parrots are the Great
Pluck Cockatoo, and the little rigid-tailed Nasiterna, the giant
and the dwarf of the whole tribe.
The bare-headed Dasyptilus is
one of the most singular parrots known; while the beautiful
little long-tailed Charmosyna, and the great variety of
gorgeously-coloured lories, have no parallels elsewhere. Of
pigeons it possesses about forty distinct species, among which
are the magnificent crowned pigeons, now so well known in our
aviaries, and pre-eminent both for size and beauty; the curious
Trugon terrestris, which approaches the still more strange
Didunculus of Samoa; and a new genus (Henicophaps), discovered by
myself, which possesses a very long and powerful bill, quite
unlike that of any other pigeon. Among its sixteen kingfishers,
it possesses the carious hook-billed Macrorhina, and a red and
blue Tanysiptera, the most beautiful of that beautiful genus.
Among its perching birds are the fine genus of crow-like
starlings, with brilliant plumage (Manucodia); the carious pale-
coloured crow (Gymnocorvus senex); the abnormal red and black
flycatcher (Peltops blainvillii); the curious little boat-billed
flycatchers (Machaerirhynchus); and the elegant blue flycatcher-
wrens (Todopsis).
The naturalist will obtain a clearer idea of the variety and
interest of the productions of this country, by the statement,
that its land birds belong to 108 genera, of which 20 are
exclusively characteristic of it; while 35 belong to that limited
area which includes the Moluccas and North Australia, and whose
species of these genera have been entirely derived from New
Guinea. About one-half of the New Guinea genera are found also in
Australia, about one-third in India and the Indo-Malay islands.
A very curious fact, not hitherto sufficiently noticed, is the
appearance of a pure Malay element in the birds of New Guinea. We
find two species of Eupetes, a curious Malayan genus allied to
the forked-tail water-chats; two of Alcippe, an Indian and Malay
wren-like form; an Arachnothera, quite resembling the spider-
catching honeysuckers of Malacca; two species of Gracula, the
Mynahs of India; and a curious little black Prionochilus, a saw-
billed fruit pecker, undoubtedly allied to the Malayan form,
although perhaps a distinct genus. Now not one of these birds, or
anything allied to them, occurs in the Moluccas, or (with one
exception) in Celebes or Australia; and as they are most of them
birds of short flight, it is very difficult to conceive how or
when they could have crossed the space of more than a thousand
miles, which now separates them from their nearest allies. Such
facts point to changes of land and sea on a large scale, and at a
rate which, measured by the time required for a change of
species, must be termed rapid. By speculating on such changes, we
may easily see how partial waves of immigration may have entered
New Guinea, and how all trace of their passage may have been
obliterated by the subsequent disappearance of the intervening
land.
There is nothing that the study of geology teaches us that is
more certain or more impressive than the extreme instability of
the earth's surface. Everywhere beneath our feet we find proofs
that what is land has been sea, and that where oceans now spread
out has once been land; and that this change from sea to land,
and from land to sea, has taken place, not once or twice only,
but again and again, during countless ages of past time. Now the
study of the distribution of animal life upon the present surface
of the earth, causes us to look upon this constant interchange of
land and sea - this making and unmaking of continents, this
elevation and disappearance of islands - as a potent reality,
which has always and everywhere been in progress, and has been
the main agent in determining the manner in which living things
are now grouped and scattered over the earth's surface. And when
we continually come upon such little anomalies of distribution as
that just now described, we find the only rational explanation of
them, in those repeated elevations and depressions which have
left their record in mysterious, but still intelligible
characters on the face of organic nature.
The insects of New Guinea are less known than the birds, but they
seem almost equally remarkable for fine forms and brilliant
colours. The magnificent green and yellow Ornithopterae are
abundant, and have most probably spread westward from this point
as far as India. Among the smaller butterflies are several
peculiar genera of Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae, remarkable for
their large size, singular markings, or brilliant coloration. The
largest and most beautiful of the clear-winged moths (Cocytia
d'urvillei) is found here, as well as the large and handsome
green moth (Nyctalemon orontes). The beetles furnish us with many
species of large size, and of the most brilliant metallic lustre,
among which the Tmesisternus mirabilis, a longicorn beetle of a
golden green colour; the excessively brilliant rose-chafers,
Lomaptera wallacei and Anacamptorhina fulgida; one of the
handsomest of the Buprestidae, Calodema wallacei; and several
fine blue weevils of the genus Eupholus, are perhaps the most
conspicuous. Almost all the other orders furnish us with large or
extraordinary forms. The curious horned flies have already been
mentioned; and among the Orthoptera the great shielded
grasshoppers are the most remarkable. The species here figured
(Megalodon ensifer) has the thorax covered by a large triangular
horny shield, two and a half inches long, with serrated edges, a
somewhat wavy, hollow surface, and a faun median line, so as very
closely to resemble a leaf. The glossy wing-coverts (when fully
expanded, more than nine inches across) are of a fine green
colour and so beautifully veined as to imitate closely some of
the large shining tropical leaves.
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