He also died before Sakyamuni, and is to reappear
as Buddha. Eitel, p. 65.
[13] See chapter xii, note 2.
[14] A passage rather difficult to construe. The "families" would be
those more devout than their neighbours.
[15] One rarely hears this preaching in China. It struck me most as I
once heard it at Osaka in Japan. There was a pulpit in a large hall of
the temple, and the audience sat around on the matted floor. One
priest took the pulpit after another; and the hearers nodded their
heads occasionally, and indicated their sympathy now and then by an
audible "h'm," which reminded me of Carlyle's description of meetings
of "The Ironsides" of Cromwell.
[16] This last statement is wanting in the Chinese editions.
[17] There was a Kasyapa Buddha, anterior to Sakyamuni. But this Maha-
kasyapa was a Brahman of Magadha, who was converted by Buddha, and
became one of his disciples. He took the lead after Sakyamuni's death,
convoked and directed the first synod, from which his title of Arya-
sthavira is derived. As the first compiler of the Canon, he is
considered the fountain of Chinese orthodoxy, and counted as the first
patriarch. He also is to be reborn as Buddha. Eitel, p. 64.
[18] The bhikshunis are the female monks or nuns, subject to the same
rules as the bhikshus, and also to special ordinances of restraint.
See Hardy's E. M., chap. 17. See also Sacred Books of the East, vol.
xx, p. 321.
[19] The Sramaneras are the novices, male or female, who have vowed to
observe the Shikshapada, or ten commandments. Fa-hien was himself one
of them from his childhood. Having heard the Trisharana, or threefold
formula of Refuge, - "I take refuge in Buddha; the Law; the Church, -
the novice undertakes to observe the ten precepts that forbid - (1)
destroying life; (2) stealing; (3) impurity; (4) lying; (5)
intoxicating drinks; (6) eating after midday; (7) dancing, singing,
music, and stage-plays; (8) garlands, scents, unguents, and ornaments;
(9) high or broad couches; (10) receiving gold or silver." Davids'
Manual, p. 160; Hardy's E. M., pp. 23, 24.
[20] The eldest son of Sakyamuni by Yasodhara. Converted to Buddhism,
he followed his father as an attendant; and after Buddha's death
became the founder of a philosophical realistic school (vaibhashika).
He is now revered as the patron saint of all novices, and is to be
reborn as the eldest son of every future Buddha. Eitel, p. 101. His
mother also is to be reborn as Buddha.
[21] There are six (sometimes increased to ten) paramitas, "means of
passing to nirvana: - Charity; morality; patience; energy; tranquil
contemplation; wisdom (prajna); made up to ten by use of the proper
means; science; pious vows; and force of purpose. But it is only
prajna which carries men across the samsara to the shores of nirvana."
Eitel, p. 90.
[22] According to Eitel (pp.
